Chad had the lowest Human Capital Index (HCI) in the world in 2018 (0.29), and little progress has been achieved since then (0.30 in 2020). This weak performance is largely driven by poor quality of education: the total expected years of schooling was estimated at 5 years but represented only 2.6 years of learning when adjusted for quality. Learning poverty was estimated at 98 percent. The primary school completion rate was only reached 45 percent in 2020. These poor learning outcomes could be attributed to the low level of development of Early Childhood Education (ECE). In rural areas, children have limited access to ECE because only 20 percent of available services are in rural areas and because they belong to the poorest households. Out-of-school children live largely in households whose head has no education (70 percent). When parents do send their children to ECE services, there is a strong tendency to start late, at 5 years instead of at age 3.