Global and regional goals, such as Agenda 2030 and the African Union's Continental Education Strategy for Africa, foreground higher education as an engine for development and job creation. Yet, many African universities perform weakly in international comparison. This policy note looks at the challenges in strengthening the freedom, relevance and impact of research and higher education in Africa. Recommendations for policymakers: Minimise inequality Improve data collection Train more lecturers Benchmarking and networking Build equitable relationships Safeguard academic freedom