Policymakers in developing and transition economies recognize the important role played by judiciaries in creating an institutional environment conducive to robust private sector activity. In the case of Tanzania, the government, with the support of local business groups, international investors, and the donor community, created a specialized court dedicated to considering and resolving commercial and financial cases. The Commercial Division of the High Court of Tanzania (the "Commercial Court"), established in 1999, has demonstrated an ability to resolve commercial cases in a relatively efficient manner. This note examines the background behind the creation of the Commercial Court, summarizes the Court's structure and operation, and offers a brief assessment of its performance and impact.