One of the most salient features of Angola's public expenditure management and financial accountability framework is the coexistence of two parallel, but articulated, expenditure execution systems: the conventional system, coordinated by the National Treasury Directorate, and a non-conventional one centered around the national oil company Sonangol. A standard assessment of a country's fiscal framework would usually concentrate on the conventional system; the Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review (PEMFAR) goes one step further by assessing the workings of the non-conventional system as well as its articulation with the conventional one. The key finding is that the justification of the use of the non-conventional system is gone, and its maintenance is imposing heavy costs on the economy. The PEMFAR proposes accordingly the adoption of a two-pronged reform strategy aiming at: (i) strengthening the formal public financial management structures and tools; and (ii) phasing-out and eventually eliminating the non-conventional mechanisms.