This study responds to the need for information and analysis on the urban sector in South Sudan, to inform the Bank's policy dialogue with the Government of the Republic of South Sudan (GoSS) on urban and local government issues, and to inform the design of future Bank assistance. The first phase of this analytical exercise, which is the focus of this report, develops an overview of the urban landscape. A second phase of this analytical work is planned, that will build on the findings emerging from this first phase. The report is structured as follows: section two describes the evolution of the spatial system in South Sudan and highlights key urbanization patterns and trends; section three provides an overview of the legal, institutional and financial composition of South Sudan's urban areas; and section four outlines the key policy issues and recommendations. The report also draws on an in-depth case study of Juba, which is included as an annex to the report.