This report is a result of a study that aimed to identify more efficient institutional and governance structures to manage the transport sector in Oman. It encompassed on road transport, maritime transport, railways, and road-based public transport. Aviation and airports were excluded from the scope of the study. The study consisted of an institutional review of transport sector organization in select countries. The case study countries were selected for a combination of attributes: well-managed systems known to be effective and with elements recognized internationally as good practice. The case studies map the institutional structures of their transport sector ministries and of individual transport sector modes (or sub-sectors). The countries represent a diverse group by geography and demographics. In addition, this paper describes how transport sub-sectors are organized in the five case study countries dealing respectively with: (1) the peak governance entity, typically a Ministry of Transport or equivalent, and the central functions of regulatory administration; (2) ports; (3) railways; (4) roads, (5) and public transport. Particular attention is given to structural, institutional, and financing dimensions. This report may be of interest to transport sector political leaders, public officials, and their advisers who may be contemplating the assessment or strengthening of transport sector governance in their own countries.