This paper reviews the methods and data required to estimate the hidden environmental, social and health costs associated with agrifood systems. The studies reviewed in the report demonstrate that these hidden costs are considerable, and highlight the need for action at global, national and local levels.

Current practices in business accounting and reporting are hindering the transition to sustainability in the agrifood sector. This paper describes how the application of true cost accounting and the lessons learned from it can lead to a sound economic foundation for sustainability in business and finance within agrifood systems.