Over the course of the 1920s, Clements Kadalie (c.1895-1951) espoused a radical new form of black masculinity that rejected white oversight, disparaged the 'hypocrisies' of colonial 'civilisation', and spurned the established patriarchal practices of other black organisations. As 'bad boy' trade unionists, Kadalie and other leaders of the Industrial and Commercial ...

In 1920s Johannesburg, African nationalism challenged colonial categories of tribe, race and nation. Some African leaders, however, espoused alternative solidarities that were even more expansive and distinctly internationalist. Through the lives of four Christian leaders from colonial Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi), this article rehabilitates a tradition of globall...