The Azanian Peoples' Liberation Front (APLF) was a little-known Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) organisation that formed in the mid 1970s as a complement to the rising tide of non-violent internal activism against apartheid oppression in South Africa. Unlike other Black Consciousness (BC) organisations at the time, the APLF embraced armed struggle and acquired t...

An under-researched dimension of the exile politics of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC-SA) revolves around how they reacted to the rising Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) during the 1970s. While much has been written about the ANC-SA's relationship with the Pan African Congress (PAC), similar attention has not been given to how the ANC-SA react...