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Working Paper
International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC
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193
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Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
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172
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Brief

The Mashreq region and, in particular, the countries of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon are facing major policy and fiscal challenges to growth and job creation. The Maximizing Finance for Development (MFD) approach aims to optimize the relationship between the public and the private sector.It would achieve...

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Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
World Bank, Washington, DC
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198
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Publications & Research :: Brief
World Bank, Washington, DC
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152
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Economic & Sector Work :: Other Financial Sector Study
Washington, DC
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206
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Working Paper
International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C.
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169
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Economic & Sector Work :: Other Public Sector Study
World Bank, Washington, DC
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186
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Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
World Bank, Washington, DC
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157
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application/pdf

This paper analyzes the evolution of sovereign credit ratings in the wake of the global financial crisis by studying changes in actual, shadow, and relative ratings between 2008 and 2012. For countries that do not have a rating from the major rating agencies, shadow ratings are estimated as a function...

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